tr Command in Linux Bash
In Linux, we can use Bash scripts to perform string manipulation such as concatenation, truncation, and finding words in a text.
trThis article will explain how to translate or remove characters using command
in Linux Bash .
trUsing command translation string
in Linux Bash
trThe command means translate. It is used to delete, translate and compress characters.
It accepts standard input, processes it, and writes it to standard output.
grammar:
tr '[SET1]' '[SET2]'
Here, SET1represents the letters to be found in the text and SET2represents the letters to be replaced.
For example, we can convert all lowercase letters to uppercase using one of the following commands.
echo "lowercase string" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
echo "lowercase string" | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'
In contrast:
echo "UPPERCASE STRING" | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'
echo "UPPERCASE STRING" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
For find and replace use:
echo "test string with dash" | tr ' ' '-'
With this command, all space characters in the text given as input will be found and replaced with dashes.
test-string-with-dash
-dDeleting Characters
in Linux Bash Using Flags
-dThe flag is used to remove characters, instead of translating them. It takes a single character set and removes those characters from the text.
`echo "hxexlxlxo" | tr -d 'x'`
Output:
hello
-sCompress characters
using flag in Linux Bash
-sFlag converts consecutive characters in text into a single occurrence of that character.
echo "tttessttt sstriinngg" | tr -s 'a-z'
Output:
test string
-cExclude Set
using flag in Linux Bash
-cThe flag SET1converts all characters except the ones specified in to the characters SET2in .
`echo "a1@b2'c3&d" | tr -c '[a-z]' ' '`
Output:
a b c d
catGetting Input from Commands
in Linux Bash
You can trchange the contents of a file using the command. We can catread a file using the command and pipe its contents to trthe command.
cat file.txt | tr '-' ' '
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